The 100th Anniversary of The Story of My Life

By Helen Keller—In Her Own Words

The 100th Anniversary of The Story of My Life

Helen Keller began writing The Story of My Life in 1902, when she was 22 years old and still a student at Radcliffe College, the sister school of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Helen Keller, on her graduation from Radcliffe College, circa 1904 The Story of My Life contains three parts. The first is Helen Keller's autobiographical account of her life from childhood to the beginning of her studies at Radcliffe. This chronicle describes the transformation of Helen's life brought about by the arrival of Anne Sullivan, her teacher and mentor, when she succeeded in conveying to Helen the "mystery of language." Part II contains Helen's letters to family and friends, arranged in chronological sequence, and documents her growth in thought and expression through her writing.

The introduction and editorial comments in this section were contributed by John Macy, an editor of the Youth's Companion magazine and an instructor at Harvard who became the literary agent for Ms. Keller and editor of many of her works. The third part, a supplementary section, contains an account of Helen Keller's life and education written by John Macy, based for the most part on the records and observations of Anne Sullivan. The Story of My Life first appeared as a serial of several installments in the Ladies Home Journal in 1902 and was met with universal acclaim. In 1903 it was published in book form by Doubleday, Page & Co. and became a critical and commercial success.

The Story of My Life has become an enduring classic of American literature. It was always to be the most popular of Helen Keller's works, with numerous editions published throughout the years. Today, the book is available in more than 50 languages, including most European languages, Swedish, Russian, and Japanese, as well as Marathi, Pushtu, Tagalog, and Vedu. The American Foundation for the Blind—the organization to which Helen Keller devoted more than 40 years of her life—is presenting this special online edition of The Story of My Life to commemorate the centennial of the book's publication. Throughout this edition, spelling and punctuation are rendered as they were in the original. The photographs, taken from the Helen Keller Archives of the American Foundation for the Blind, are for the most part those printed in the original. When an original photograph was unavailable, the closest possible facsimile was used. AFB was founded in 1921 and for decades guided by Helen Keller—an inspiring, courageous woman who fervently believed that blind people, with just a little help, can lead independent lives and give much more to society than they will ever take. Today, there are many more people, from newborns to the growing elder population, in need of a helping hand than Helen Keller ever imagined. With your support, the American Foundation for the Blind can reach out to those who need help. Thank you for your support. The Story of My Life, © 2009 American Foundation for the Blind. All rights reserved.

US President Obama Policy Thlirletna

View Point (Obama Policy Thlirletna)

US President thlan fel a nih hma kha chuan John McCain-a leh Barack Obama ten ram chhung ram pawnah engang policy nge an hman dawn tih hriat kan chak tlang hle a, a tlangpui chu hriat tawh a nih avangin thai lang tawh lo mai ila. Obama-an President nihna a chelh thlaruk a lo kim meuh chuan a policy-te pawh a fiah deuh deuh niin a lang a, tun tumah hian US ram chhunga a policy a bawihzui dante leh ram pawna a policy tlangpuite kan thlirho leh dawn a ni.

Terrorist-ten kum 2001-a World Trade Center an tihchhiah hnu atang khan US chuan immigration lamah theihtawp chhuahin tan a la nasa hle a, US ramri apiangah intelligence service pawh tam tak a dah a ni. Amaherawhchu US ah hian dan lova lut an reh chuang hauh lova, tunah pawh dan lova hnathawk mi tam tak an awm a ni. Bush-a khan eng emaw chen chu ri lo kham ve tawh mah se Obama erawh chuan dan lova hnathawkhote chu dan anga an chungthu rel hmiah hmiah tawh tur a nih thu a sawi a. US Immigration and Customer Enforcement Agency-a John Morton-a phei chuan, “US ram chhunga dan lova hnathawk reng reng chuan karkhatah darkar 40 chuang an thawk ang a, overtime pawh an dawng hek lovang. Tunah hian hengho hi kan man zel tawh ang a, dan angin an chungthu kan rel zel tawh dawn a ni,” a ti. Mexico ramri atanga drug, silai leh pawisa lem rawn lut tam lutuk chungchangah Obama chuan intelligence-te fimkhur turin thu a pe a, he thil bawhzui tur hian White House-a The Office of National Drug Control Policy- te mawhphurna a pe bawk a ni.

Obama chuan Intelligence agency-te chu headquarter neia inrelbawl turin leh chuta tanga hmuntina operational organization-te din turin thu a pe bawk. Obama-an a ram chhung policy-a a ngaih pawimawh em em pakhat chu Healthcare Reform hi a ni. Healhcare chungchangah June thla tantirh khan US Congress hmaah US in hriselna tha zawk a mamawhzia sawiin thil man tihtlawm a tul thu te, US- a thil siamchhuah reng reng chu customer-te dun dan ang ngeia quality tha taka siam a tul thute pawh uar takin a sawi. US in hman atang tawha a buaipui ber chu “abortion” hi a ni a, US Presidential Election- ah pawh hei subject hi an debate nasa thei hle a ni. US inawp dan chu federal inawpna a nih avangin state pakhat leh pakhat inawp dan pawh a inang lo deuh theu va, “abortion” an hrilhfiah dan leh pawm dante pawh a inang lo hle a ni. State hnih/khat chuan “abortion” chu state leh local dan nena inmilin pawm mah se mi tam zawkten Baibul nena in mil thei lo thil nia an hmuh tlat avangin vawin thlengin he subject hi an la inhnial chhunzawm zel a ni. Democrat-ho chuan a tlangpuiin abortion an pawm lova, Obama policy pawh hian abortion chu a pawm lo hle a ni. Dan lo anga abortion siamtute pawh US Justice Department chuan a zawngchhuak mek a, he department hian US hmun hrang hrangah state and local law inforcement agencies hrang hrangte a din ang a, dan lova tualthatna chi hrang hrang pawh an haichhuak zel tawh dawn a ni.

George W Bush-a term zawh hma daih atang khan human rights activists-te chuan Cuba thlirkara terrorist-ho dahkhawmna Guantanamo lungin chu khar turin Bush-a kha a ngen nasa hle a, he lungin avang hian US pawh a hmingchhe hle a ni. He lungin hi khar tura thupek tawh ni mah se lungin tangho chungthu rel dan turah US in buaina lian tak a nei a, lungin tangte hi anmahni ram theuhva thawn nge tha anga US lungin chhunga dah tha zawk ang tih chu an buaipui ber a ni. Pesident George W Bush-a hun atang chuahva terrorist lungin tangte chungthu roreltu pawl ( Military Commission) din a ni a, Obama erawh chuan terrorist-te chunga Bush-a policy chu siamthat leh a duh a. Thi ngei tura hrem tuar turte (death penalty)-ho hian ngaihdam dil theihna an nei nge nei lo tih dan fel tak an la siam loh avangin tunah hian dan tlangpui an zan mek a, he dan tlangpui hi zam fel a nih hnu chuan Congress-ah an thehlut ang a, Congress chuan fimkhur takin a lo ngaihtuah dawn a ni. Amaherawhchu kum 2006-a Military Commission an siam hmaa, World Trade Center tichhe tura ruahmanna siamtute leh September 11,2001-a World Trade Center tichhe tura a mawh phurtu chu keima ka ni e, tia inpuangtu Khalid Sheikh Mohanmed-a te erawh chu ngaihdam theih an ni dawn nge dawn lo tih hriat mai theih a ni lo. Military Commission prosecutor-te zinga mi thenkaht chuan heng mite pawh hian ngaihdam dilna chu an siam thei tur a ni an ti a, he boruak hi Obama chuan Congress rorel dan ngaichangin a bawhzui dawn niin a lang.

June Ni 4 khan Obama chuan Muslim khawvel a fang a, US leh Muslim khawvelte indawrtawna siamthat tumin Aigupta, Cairo khawpuiah Middle East chunga US policy-te a sawi a. A bik takin Israel leh Palestine-te inkara buaina tireh tur chuan Israel-in Gaza Strip-a building a sak belh zelte chu Israel-in a titawp hmiah tur a ni a ti a, Israel leh US te inkarah pawh inhmuhthiamlohna eng emaw a thleng hial a ni. Kum 1979 atang khan US leh Iran te chuan diplomatic relation an nei tawh lova, mahse Obama hian US leh Muslim khawvelte inzawmna siamthat a tum tlat avangin Iran nena dawhkan chunga thusawiho turin Iran chu a sawm a, Iran in a sawmna a ngai pawimawh lo a nih erawh chuan tun aia nasa zawka economic sanction siam a tum thu pawh a sawilang nghal bawk. Iran chunga Obama policy hi hriatthiam a har deuh avangin Nem Rum tak Policy ti mai ila kan fiah thei mai awm e.

 June Ni 6 khan Obama chu D-Day 65-na hmang turin France khawpui Colleville-Sur-Mer-ah a thlawk a. A thusawi tum chuan Muslim khawvela EU hruaitute inrawlh turin leh Muslim ramte nena inlaichinna siam turin a ngen bawk a, Turkey- in Europian Union membership a dilna chungchangah erawh France President Nicholas Sarkozy-a nen an inbak nasa hle thung a ni. Turkey-in EU membership a dilna chungchangah France remtihlohna leh EU rama sawarkar department leh zirna sikul thenkahta Muslim hmeichheho lukhuh phal loh chungchang an zawh tum chuan Obama an,” EU member-a Turkey a tel ve chu thil pawimawh tak mai a ni a, President Sarkozy-a erawh chuan ngaihdan danglam tak a nei tlat a nih hi! Turkey chu France thiantha a ni ang a, US thiantha pawh a ni bawk ang a, EU ramte thiantha pawh a ni bawk tur a ni. US in Muslim khawvela remna a zawn ang bawkin France leh EU member-te pawhin mawhphurna lian tak an nei a ni. Muslim ramte pawh khawvel community-a an rawn tel ve kan phalin kan lo welcome ve tur a ni. Muslim kahwvelte nena inrem tak leh lungrual taka kal dun hi kan mawhphurna lian ber a ni tur a ni,” tih a sawi a. President Sarkozy-a pawh chuan Obama policy chu a tlangpuiin a pawm a, Turkey nena inzawmna leh inlaichinna neih chu thil tul tak a ni tih sawi mah se, “ Europe hian ram ri a nei tur a ni a, EU hi khawvela ral muang ber niin ka hria a, chu muanna chu a chhait mai lova, kan vawna kan humhalh tlat theih nan France chuan Turkey dilna hi tunah rih chuan a la amen thei lo cheu chu a ni e,” tih a sawi tel bawk.

Ram chhung ram pawna Obama policy chu tha hle in lang mah se Israel leh US te inkara inhmuhthiamlohna leh EU nena an policy inanlohna te hi engangin nge an chinfel dawn tih erawh chu histawri kal zelin a rawn hril ngeiin a rinawm a, Iran, Iraq, North Korea leh Afaganistan ramahte hian Obama hian engang policy nge a hman zel dawn tihte pawh kan la thirho leh dawn ania.

Hruaitu Vision

By Thangmawia
San Chaung
Yangon

Thuhmahruai Zofate hian kan tawngah sap tawng kan seng lut nasa em em a, tawngkam then khat phei chu kan pianpui tawngkam ang maiin kan hmang a. Sap tawng “vision” tih pawh hi pianpui tawng ang maiin kan hmang tawh a, “Engnge i vision?” tiin ka inzawt ta fova mai a ni. Mi tam zawk chuan a awmzia sawifiah ngai miah lovin he zawhna hi kan hre thiam thei nghal awm e. Vision tih tawngkam hian awmzia a nei nual a. J. F. Laldailova chuan vision awmzia chu ti hian a hrilhfiah a: mit kawhhmuh, thil hmuh, inlarna, mitthla, leh hun thlir lawk thiamna tih te a ni. Tun tuma kan sawi tum ber chu hun thlir lawk thiamna lam pang a ni ang.

Chiang deuh hleka kan sawi dawn chuan ‘Hruaitu Vision’ awmzia chu hruaituin a hmalam huna lo awm ngei tur emaw, lo thleng ngei tura a thlir leh a beisei thil tiin a hrilhfiah theih awm e. Vision chi li Kan thupui kawhhmuhtum kan hriatchian theih nan leadership lama mithiam Robert D. Dale-a hrilhfiahna hi han bih leh lawk i la. Robert D. Dale-a chuan vision chi li a awm a ti a. Chungte chu:


1. Vision tawi (Myopic Vision):

Mi then khat chuan vision an nei tlachham thei hle a, hmalam hun an thlir ngai meuh lo. Hmalam hun atan an inbuatsaihin an khawsa ngai lova, vawiin atan chauh an nung thin. An vision chu a fiah lo em em a, hmalam an thlir pawhin an hnar ngul chin chauh an hmu thei a. Heng mite hian hun kal taa miten rim taka an hlawhchhuah hlawhtlinna te chu an zirchiang ngai lova, an haider tlat thin.

2. Vision sir (Peripheral Vision): Mi then khat chuan vision an nei ve meuh mai. Mahse, harsatna (hlawhtlinna lam tluang an zawh laia an ke chheh ti buai thei) tam tak an mit sirin a hmuh ve kiau avangin huai tak leh tlang takin hma lam an thlirin an pen hlei thei lova. Heng mite rilru hi a buai fo thin a ni.

3. Vision zim (Tunnel Vision): Mi then khat chu an hawi zimin, khua an thlir zim em em a, an hmaa thil awm chauh an hmu thin. An vision chu dik ber leh tha berah an ngai a. An vision-ah chauh innghatin hmalam an pan a, an kawnga lo kal vete chu pawisa miah lovin an chil nawk nawk mai thin.

4. Vision zau (Panoramic Vision): Mi then khat chuan engkim zau tak leh thui takin an thlir thin a, tun hun (vawin ni) atan chauh an nung ve ngai lo. An hma zawna thil awmte leh lo awm zel turte, an sira thil awmte leh lo awm zel turte chu chiang takin an hmu a. “Vision nei hruaitu kan mamawh,” tia kohhran mipui tam takin an sawi thin chu hetiang mite hi an ni. Hruaitu leh vision Vision a awm chauhvin leadership hi a intan thin a.

Thufing 29:18 pawhin, “Vision a awm loh chuan mipuite an tladah thin,” (KJV) a lo ti a ni. Hruaitu dik leh tha chuan vision a nei thin a. Chutiang hruaitu chuan a vision chu a ngai pawimawh hle a. Hun rei tak chhung a vision chu a chhun a zanin a ngaihtuah keuh keuh va, zanah pawh a mangphan hial thin. Tin, a vision chu a hre chiang a, a vision hre thiam thei tur leh tihlawhtling turin a thawhpuite chu chiangtakin a hrilh hria a, a chawk phur (motivate) thin. Hruaitu vision chu mahni chauhva zirbing a, hna thawk thin Scientist vision nen a inpersan hle a.

Hruaitu vision chuan hruaitu leh a thawhpuite thiltum, thiltih mekte leh hmalam huna a huhova an tih zel tur lam a kawk bik a ni. Tin, hruaitu hnathawh that leh that loh chu ‘engtiang khawpin nge a vision chuan a huamzau va, a ropui’ tihah a innghat deuh ber. Entir nan, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew-a chuan a ram mai ni lo Asia chhimchak ram tam tak nghawng danglam thei khawpa ropui vision a nei a. Kum 30 vel kal taa Singapore Prime Minister a nih khan, ni khat chu Lee Kuan Yew-a chuan hmun awl zau tak chu kawk kualin, “He hmunaah hian khawpui ropui tak kan din ang a ti a.” Tichuan, a sawi angin hma a han la ta a.

 Tunah chuan Singapore chu khawvel sumdawnna hmun pui, building ropui tak tak leh inkalpawhna changkang tak taka din a lo ni ta a; chubakah Singapore chu mi mit la em em khawpui hring dup, ram nuam leh mawi tak a lo ni ta a ni. Hruaitu vision pawimawhna Vision hi Pathian thilpek a nih avangin kohhran rawngbawlna-ah pawh a pawimawh tak meuh meuh va. Pathianin hruaitute mawhphurhna lian tak tak a pek a, an mahni hmanga a mite a hruai dan leh a thiltum a tihhlawhtlin dan pawh Bible-a vision nei hruaitu ropui tak takte nun atangin kan zir thei awm e. Hruaitu ropui Mosia, Joshua, Davida leh midangte hian vision an nei theuh va, chumi tihlawhtling tura an mawhphurhna pawh an hre chiang hle. Tin, vision chu hruaituin a rilruaa a vei em em, tipuitling ngei tura a duhthusam a ni. Chu vision chuan amah a tithathovin a chawkphur a. Chubakah amah chauh ni lovin, a kaihhruai mipui emaw, company emaw, organization te chu harsatna paltlang a, hmalam pan thei turin a tanpui bawk thin. Vision nei lo hruaitu kut hnuaia awm organization te chuan ni tin a ngai leh a ngai ringawt an thawh thin avangin hma an sawn tur angin an sawn thei lova, an hlawhtling tak tak thei hek lo; rei lo teah an hnathawh an ning thuai thin. Hruaitu tha vision nei erawh chuan ngaihdan danglam deuh intlansiakna khawvelin a rawn herchhuah puite chu an hmang thiam em em a, an organization chu a lo hlawhtling thin a ni.

Hruaitu vision hlawhtlina

Vision chu inkaihhruaina (leadership) bulphum a nih avangin a pawimawh hle. Mahse, chu vision tihhlawtlin chu thil awl lo tak a ni. A chang phei chuan kan vision chu chetsual palha chhiat mai theihna a nih avangin a hlauhawm a; chutiang chhiatna pawh huama kan tih ve a ngai a ni. Hlawhchham (failure) an hlauh avangin hruaitu tam tak chuan an vision angin hma an la ngam thin lo. Hruaitu chuan hlawtlin a duh tak tak chuan chutiang hlauhna chu a sukiang ngam tur a ni. Dik tak chuan, mitin hian hlauhna kan nei theuh va. Mahse, hruaitu tha chu chung hlauhna leh harsatnate avangin a zam ve ngai lo. Hruaitu chuan amah chauhvin a vision a tihlawhtling thei lova. Kan sawi tak ang khan a vision chu a thawhpuite a hrilh hria ang a. An vision-ah an chiang ta maw tihah an thiltum tihhlawhtlin dan tur kawng an dap ho vang a, tih tak zetin an hna an thawk ho dawn a ni. Harsatna pawh a huhovin an hmachawn ang a, an hnaah rinawm takin an intu lut dawn a ni. Barna Research Group-a president mawhphurhna rei tak lo chelh tawh George Barna chuan vision tihhlawhtlin dan chung changah ti hian a sawi:
• Kohhran mipuiten vision chu an hre ngei tur a ni
• Kohhran mipuite hriatah vision chu chiang taka sawifiah a, puanchhuah tur a ni
• Kohhran mipuiten vision chu an pawm ngei tur a ni
• Kohhran chuan a vision a taka tihlawhtling turin bul a tan ang a,
• Kohhran chuan a vision tihlawhtling turin rilru sei takin hna a thawk tur a ni.

 Tlangkawmna

 Mihringte hi a huhova cheng leh hna thawkho tura Pathian siam kan ni a. Chuvangin tantlan a, thawhho hi hlawhtlinna rahbi pawimawh tak a ni reng a ni. Kan hnathawhah kan hlawhtlin a, hma kan sawn theih nan then khatin hruaitu nihna an chelh a ngai a; chung hruaitute chuan vision tha leh huangzau tak an neih a ngai bawk. Chubakah an kaihhruai mipuite nen an vision tihlawhtling turin lungrual taka hna thawh dan an thiam tur a ni. Isua Krista kha hruaitu ropui tak a ni. Vision a nei tha hle a, a thiltum leh a tih tur pawh a hre chiang hle bawk. Mahse, engkim amah chauhvin a ti ngai lo. A vision ber “Pathian ram din” chu puitlin turin vantlang (community) thar a din te te a. Mi sawmpahnih leh mi tam tak zirtirah a siam a. Chung a zirtirte chu a vision hrethiam thei turin uluk takin a zirtirin, a kaihhruai a. A thih hnuah pawh, chung a zirtirte rawngbawlna avanga amah ringtute chuan vawiin ni thlengin Isua vision chu an tihlawhtling a, an la tihlawhtling zel dawn a ni. Hruaitu tha chuan vision a nei ngei thin a, a vision tihlawhtling turin thiam takin a thawhpuite a hruai thin a ni. Tin, hmalam hun dawn reng chungin hruaitu thar chher dan a thiam em em a; chung hruaitu tharte pawh vision tha neithei turin theihthawp chhuahin a tanpui bawk thin a ni.

 Bibliography

 Barna, Geroge. Marketing the Church: What They Have Never Taught You About Church Growth. Colorado: Navpress, 1988.
Dale, Robert D. Leading Edge: Leadership Strategies from the New Testament. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1996.
 Dale, Robert D. Pastoral Leadership: Reserve Book for Effective Congregational Leadership. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1986.
Haggai, John Edmund. Lead On! Singapore: Kobrey Press, 1986.
J. F. Laldailova. “Vision.” English-Lushai Dictionary. Guwahati: Bhargova Offset, 1969.
Siraj, Zaibun. Managing Oneself: Footprints to Success. Translated by Chit Naing. Yangon: Lin Lin Literature, 2007. “Leadership and Vision.” http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_nl_v37/ai_14922906/pg_1 (26 July 2007).

First Things First: Facts About US Presidential Inaugurations

First Things First: Facts About Presidential Inaugurations By Sharon Shahid, senior Web editor At the beginning of his second term in 1805, Thomas Jefferson became the first president to participate in a tradition that has become a staple of presidential inaugurations: the inaugural procession on Pennsylvania Avenue. As Washington and the nation prepares for the inauguration, the Newseum — located along the parade route on Pennsylvania Avenue — highlights some of the historic firsts surrounding presidential inaugurations. • • 1845: James K. Polk’s inauguration was the first to be reported by telegraph. Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph, transmitted news of the ceremony to Baltimore from a telegraph set up on the inaugural platform at the U.S. Capitol. • • 1897: William McKinley’s inaugural parade was the first to be recorded on movie film. • • 1909: William Howard Taft’s wife, Helen, became the first first lady to ride in an inaugural parade with her husband from the Capitol to the White House. • • 1921: Warren G. Harding became the first president to ride in an automobile to and from his inauguration. • • 1925: Calvin Coolidge’s inaugural was the first to be broadcast nationally over radio. Some 25 million Americans listened; the Associated Press called it “the greatest audience ever addressed by any man.” • • 1937: Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president inaugurated on Jan. 20, instead of March 4. His vice president, John Nance Garner, was the first to be sworn in on the same platform as the president. • • 1949: Harry S. Truman’s inauguration and parade were the first to be televised. An estimated 10 million people watched the events. “Home Viewers Get All of Color, Pomp,” headlined the Chicago Daily Tribune. • • 1961: John F. Kennedy’s inauguration was the first to be broadcast in color. • • 1977: Jimmy Carter was the first president to walk from the Capitol to the White House after taking the oath of office. • • 1981: Ronald Reagan’s inaugural ceremony was the first to be held on the West Front of the Capitol, rather than the East Front.

How Much Land Does a Man Need?

How Much Land Does A Man Need? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia How Much Land Does a Man Need?How Much Land Does a Man Need? (Russian: Много ли человеку земли нужно?, Mnogo li cheloveku zemli nuzhno) is an 1886 short story by Leo Tolstoy about a man who, in his lust for land, forfeits everything, including his own life. Late in life, James Joyce wrote to his daughter that it is "the greatest story that the literature of the world knows"; Ludwig Wittgenstein was another well-known admirer. Synopsis The protagonist of the story is a peasant named Pakhom, who at the beginning can be heard complaining that he does not own enough land to satisfy him. He states that "if I had plenty of land, I shouldn't fear the Devil himself!"(Tolstoy, 884). A short amount of time later, a landlady in the village decides to sell her estate, and the peasants of the village buy as much of that land as they can. Pakhom himself purchases some land, and by working off the extra land is able to repay his debts and live a more comfortable life. However, Pakhom then becomes very possessive of his land, and this gets him into discord with his neighbors. "Threats to burn his building began to be uttered."(Tolstoy, 886). This is a first sign that greed is disrupting his moral values. Later, he moves to a larger area of land at another Commune. Here, he can grow even more crops and amass a small fortune, but he has to grow the crops on rented land, which irritates him. Finally, he is introduced to the Bashkirs, and is told they are simple-minded people who own a huge amount of land. Thus, he goes to them to take as much of their land for as low a price as he can negotiate. Their offer is very unusual: for a sum of one thousand rubles, Pakhom can walk around as large an area as he wants, starting at daybreak, marking his route with a spade along the way. If he reaches his starting point by sunset that day, the entire area of land his route encloses will be his. He is delighted as he believes that he can cover a great distance and has chanced upon the bargain of a lifetime. That night, Pakhom experiences a surreal dream in which he sees himself lying dead by the feet of the Devil, who is laughing. His journey across the land illustrates his greediness. He tries to cover as much land as possible, not content with what he already has. As the sun nearly sets, he realizes his error and runs back as fast as he can to the waiting Bashkirs. He finally arrives at the starting point just as the sun sets. The Bashkirs cheer his good fortune, but exhausted from the run, he drops dead. They bury him in an ordinary grave only six feet long, thus ironically answering the question posed in the title of the story. Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Much_Land_Does_a_Man_Need%3F

Quote of the Day

The wellspring of courage and endurance in the face of unbridled power is generally a firm belief in the sanctity of ethical principles combined with a historical sense that despite all setbacks the condition of man is set on an ultimate course for both spiritual and material advancement. At the root of human responsibility is the concept of perfection, the urge to achieve it, the intelligence to find a path towards it, and the will to follow that path if not to the end at least the distance needed to rise above individual limitations and environmental impediments. It is man's vision of a world fit for rational, civilized humanity which leads him to dare and to suffer to build societies free from want and fear. Concepts such as truth, justice and compassion cannot be dismissed as trite when these are often the only bulwarks which stand against ruthless power. By: Aung San Suu Kyi

Riders bare all for World Naked Bike Ride

The 6th annual World Naked Bike Ride in London / Reuters

June 15, 2009 01:38pm



THOUSANDS of saucy cyclists from all over the world have bared all on their bikes during the World Naked Bike Ride. Revealing riders from 40 destinations, such as Europe and the US, took part in the international event to raise awareness of cyclists, their safety on the roads and environmental issues.

In France bikers were paraded alongside cars pumping out various songs such as All Things Small, while in Chicago crowds cheered and "hi-fived" participants.

One passer-by was dumb-struck when a male rider rode to the curb in his underwear and asked for a light for his cigarette.

Over 1000 cyclists stripped off in the 6th annual World Naked Bike Ride in London to protest against oil dependency and car culture.

Cyclists were covered in body paint branded with anti-oil slogans as they rode into London's West End, passing the Houses of Parliament.

Surprisingly, the Metropolitan Police stopped traffic to allow the cyclists an easy passage through the busy streets.

"We took part last year and it was amazing," one rider told London's ITN.

"It's a great cause, it's great to get naked, and it's a great carnival atmosphere. It's one of the best events in London."



Posted from http://www.news.com.au/travel/story/0,28318,25638028-5014090,00.html
Posted by Josephsaia

Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel - The Man Behind the Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist.


Posted from http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/
Posted by Josephsaia

All Nobel Laureates

809 Nobel Laureates (789 individuals and 20 organizations) have been awarded the Nobel Prize.


• 2008 - Chemistry, Martin Chalfie


• Chemistry, Osamu Shimomura


• Chemistry, Roger Y. Tsien


• Economics, Paul Krugman


• Literature, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio


• Medicine, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi


• Medicine, Luc Montagnier


• Medicine, Harald zur Hausen


• Peace, Martti Ahtisaari


• Physics, Makoto Kobayashi


• Physics, Toshihide Maskawa


• Physics, Yoichiro Nambu


• 2007 - Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl


• Economics, Leonid Hurwicz


• Economics, Eric S. Maskin


• Economics, Roger B. Myerson


• Literature, Doris Lessing


• Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi


• Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans


• Medicine, Oliver Smithies


• Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change


• Peace, Al Gore


• Physics, Albert Fert


• Physics, Peter Grünberg


• 2006 - Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg


• Economics, Edmund S. Phelps


• Literature, Orhan Pamuk


• Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire


• Medicine, Craig C. Mello


• Peace, Grameen Bank


• Peace, Muhammad Yunus


• Physics, John C. Mather


• Physics, George F. Smoot


• 2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin


• Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs


• Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock


• Economics, Robert J. Aumann


• Economics, Thomas C. Schelling


• Literature, Harold Pinter


• Medicine, Barry J. Marshall


• Medicine, J. Robin Warren


• Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency


• Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei


• Physics, Roy J. Glauber


• Physics, John L. Hall


• Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch


• 2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover


• Chemistry, Avram Hershko


• Chemistry, Irwin Rose


• Economics, Finn E. Kydland


• Economics, Edward C. Prescott


• Literature, Elfriede Jelinek


• Medicine, Richard Axel


• Medicine, Linda B. Buck


• Peace, Wangari Maathai


• Physics, David J. Gross


• Physics, H. David Politzer


• Physics, Frank Wilczek


• 2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre


• Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon


• Economics, Robert F. Engle III


• Economics, Clive W.J. Granger


• Literature, J. M. Coetzee


• Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur


• Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield


• Peace, Shirin Ebadi


• Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov


• Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg


• Physics, Anthony J. Leggett


• 2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn


• Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka


• Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich


• Economics, Daniel Kahneman


• Economics, Vernon L. Smith


• Literature, Imre Kertész


• Medicine, Sydney Brenner


• Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz


• Medicine, John E. Sulston


• Peace, Jimmy Carter


• Physics, Raymond Davis Jr.


• Physics, Riccardo Giacconi


• Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba


• 2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles


• Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori


• Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless


• Economics, George A. Akerlof


• Economics, A. Michael Spence


• Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz


• Literature, V. S. Naipaul


• Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell


• Medicine, Tim Hunt


• Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse


• Peace, United Nations


• Peace, Kofi Annan


• Physics, Eric A. Cornell


• Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle


• Physics, Carl E. Wieman


• 2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger


• Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid


• Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa


• Economics, James J. Heckman


• Economics, Daniel L. McFadden


• Literature, Gao Xingjian


• Medicine, Arvid Carlsson


• Medicine, Paul Greengard


• Medicine, Eric R. Kandel


• Peace, Kim Dae-jung


• Physics, Zhores I. Alferov


• Physics, Jack S. Kilby


• Physics, Herbert Kroemer


• 1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail


• Economics, Robert A. Mundell


• Literature, Günter Grass


• Medicine, Günter Blobel


• Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières


• Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft


• Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman


• 1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn


• Chemistry, John Pople


• Economics, Amartya Sen


• Literature, José Saramago


• Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott


• Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro


• Medicine, Ferid Murad


• Peace, John Hume


• Peace, David Trimble


• Physics, Robert B. Laughlin


• Physics, Horst L. Störmer


• Physics, Daniel C. Tsui


• 1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer


• Chemistry, Jens C. Skou


• Chemistry, John E. Walker


• Economics, Robert C. Merton


• Economics, Myron S. Scholes


• Literature, Dario Fo


• Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner


• Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines


• Peace, Jody Williams


• Physics, Steven Chu


• Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji


• Physics, William D. Phillips


• 1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr.


• Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto


• Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley


• Economics, James A. Mirrlees


• Economics, William Vickrey


• Literature, Wislawa Szymborska


• Medicine, Peter C. Doherty


• Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel


• Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo


• Peace, José Ramos-Horta


• Physics, David M. Lee


• Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff


• Physics, Robert C. Richardson


• 1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen


• Chemistry, Mario J. Molina


• Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland


• Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr.


• Literature, Seamus Heaney


• Medicine, Edward B. Lewis


• Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard


• Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus


• Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs


• Peace, Joseph Rotblat


• Physics, Martin L. Perl


• Physics, Frederick Reines


• 1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah


• Economics, John C. Harsanyi


• Economics, John F. Nash Jr.


• Economics, Reinhard Selten


• Literature, Kenzaburo Oe


• Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman


• Medicine, Martin Rodbell


• Peace, Yasser Arafat


• Peace, Shimon Peres


• Peace, Yitzhak Rabin


• Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse


• Physics, Clifford G. Shull


• 1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis


• Chemistry, Michael Smith


• Economics, Robert W. Fogel


• Economics, Douglass C. North


• Literature, Toni Morrison


• Medicine, Richard J. Roberts


• Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp


• Peace, F.W. de Klerk


• Peace, Nelson Mandela


• Physics, Russell A. Hulse


• Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.


• 1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus


• Economics, Gary S. Becker


• Literature, Derek Walcott


• Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer


• Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs


• Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum


• Physics, Georges Charpak


• 1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst


• Economics, Ronald H. Coase


• Literature, Nadine Gordimer


• Medicine, Erwin Neher


• Medicine, Bert Sakmann


• Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi


• Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes


• 1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey


• Economics, Harry M. Markowitz


• Economics, Merton H. Miller


• Economics, William F. Sharpe


• Literature, Octavio Paz


• Medicine, Joseph E. Murray


• Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas


• Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev


• Physics, Jerome I. Friedman


• Physics, Henry W. Kendall


• Physics, Richard E. Taylor


• 1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman


• Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech


• Economics, Trygve Haavelmo


• Literature, Camilo José Cela


• Medicine, J. Michael Bishop


• Medicine, Harold E. Varmus


• Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama


• Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt


• Physics, Wolfgang Paul


• Physics, Norman F. Ramsey


• 1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer


• Chemistry, Robert Huber


• Chemistry, Hartmut Michel


• Economics, Maurice Allais


• Literature, Naguib Mahfouz


• Medicine, Sir James W. Black


• Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion


• Medicine, George H. Hitchings


• Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces


• Physics, Leon M. Lederman


• Physics, Melvin Schwartz


• Physics, Jack Steinberger


• 1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram


• Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn


• Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen


• Economics, Robert M. Solow


• Literature, Joseph Brodsky


• Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa


• Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez


• Physics, J. Georg Bednorz


• Physics, K. Alex Müller


• 1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach


• Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee


• Chemistry, John C. Polanyi


• Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr.


• Literature, Wole Soyinka


• Medicine, Stanley Cohen


• Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini


• Peace, Elie Wiesel


• Physics, Gerd Binnig


• Physics, Heinrich Rohrer


• Physics, Ernst Ruska


• 1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman


• Chemistry, Jerome Karle


• Economics, Franco Modigliani


• Literature, Claude Simon


• Medicine, Michael S. Brown


• Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein


• Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War


• Physics, Klaus von Klitzing


• 1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield


• Economics, Richard Stone


• Literature, Jaroslav Seifert


• Medicine, Niels K. Jerne


• Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler


• Medicine, César Milstein


• Peace, Desmond Tutu


• Physics, Carlo Rubbia


• Physics, Simon van der Meer


• 1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube


• Economics, Gerard Debreu


• Literature, William Golding


• Medicine, Barbara McClintock


• Peace, Lech Walesa


• Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar


• Physics, William A. Fowler


• 1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug


• Economics, George J. Stigler


• Literature, Gabriel García Márquez


• Medicine, Sune K. Bergström


• Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson


• Medicine, John R. Vane


• Peace, Alfonso García Robles


• Peace, Alva Myrdal


• Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson


• 1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui


• Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann


• Economics, James Tobin


• Literature, Elias Canetti


• Medicine, David H. Hubel


• Medicine, Roger W. Sperry


• Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel


• Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees


• Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen


• Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow


• Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn


• 1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg


• Chemistry, Walter Gilbert


• Chemistry, Frederick Sanger


• Economics, Lawrence R. Klein


• Literature, Czeslaw Milosz


• Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf


• Medicine, Jean Dausset


• Medicine, George D. Snell


• Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel


• Physics, James Cronin


• Physics, Val Fitch


• 1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown


• Chemistry, Georg Wittig


• Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis


• Economics, Theodore W. Schultz


• Literature, Odysseus Elytis


• Medicine, Allan M. Cormack


• Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield


• Peace, Mother Teresa


• Physics, Sheldon Glashow


• Physics, Abdus Salam


• Physics, Steven Weinberg


• 1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell


• Economics, Herbert A. Simon


• Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer


• Medicine, Werner Arber


• Medicine, Daniel Nathans


• Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith


• Peace, Anwar al-Sadat


• Peace, Menachem Begin


• Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa


• Physics, Arno Penzias


• Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson


• 1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine


• Economics, James E. Meade


• Economics, Bertil Ohlin


• Literature, Vicente Aleixandre


• Medicine, Roger Guillemin


• Medicine, Andrew V. Schally


• Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow


• Peace, Amnesty International


• Physics, Philip W. Anderson


• Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott


• Physics, John H. van Vleck


• 1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb


• Economics, Milton Friedman


• Literature, Saul Bellow


• Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg


• Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek


• Peace, Mairead Corrigan


• Peace, Betty Williams


• Physics, Burton Richter


• Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting


• 1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth


• Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog


• Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich


• Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans


• Literature, Eugenio Montale


• Medicine, David Baltimore


• Medicine, Renato Dulbecco


• Medicine, Howard M. Temin


• Peace, Andrei Sakharov


• Physics, Aage N. Bohr


• Physics, Ben R. Mottelson


• Physics, James Rainwater


• 1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory


• Economics, Gunnar Myrdal


• Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek


• Literature, Eyvind Johnson


• Literature, Harry Martinson


• Medicine, Albert Claude


• Medicine, Christian de Duve


• Medicine, George E. Palade


• Peace, Seán MacBride


• Peace, Eisaku Sato


• Physics, Antony Hewish


• Physics, Martin Ryle


• 1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer


• Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson


• Economics, Wassily Leontief


• Literature, Patrick White


• Medicine, Konrad Lorenz


• Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen


• Medicine, Karl von Frisch


• Peace, Le Duc Tho


• Peace, Henry Kissinger


• Physics, Leo Esaki


• Physics, Ivar Giaever


• Physics, Brian D. Josephson


• 1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen


• Chemistry, Stanford Moore


• Chemistry, William H. Stein


• Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow


• Economics, John R. Hicks


• Literature, Heinrich Böll


• Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman


• Medicine, Rodney R. Porter


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, John Bardeen


• Physics, Leon N. Cooper


• Physics, Robert Schrieffer


• 1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg


• Economics, Simon Kuznets


• Literature, Pablo Neruda


• Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.


• Peace, Willy Brandt


• Physics, Dennis Gabor


• 1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir


• Economics, Paul A. Samuelson


• Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn


• Medicine, Julius Axelrod


• Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz


• Medicine, Ulf von Euler


• Peace, Norman Borlaug


• Physics, Hannes Alfvén


• Physics, Louis Néel


• 1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton


• Chemistry, Odd Hassel


• Economics, Ragnar Frisch


• Economics, Jan Tinbergen


• Literature, Samuel Beckett


• Medicine, Max Delbrück


• Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey


• Medicine, Salvador E. Luria


• Peace, International Labour Organization


• Physics, Murray Gell-Mann


• 1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager


• Literature, Yasunari Kawabata


• Medicine, Robert W. Holley


• Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana


• Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg


• Peace, René Cassin


• Physics, Luis Alvarez


• 1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen


• Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish


• Chemistry, George Porter


• Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias


• Medicine, Ragnar Granit


• Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline


• Medicine, George Wald


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Hans Bethe


• 1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken


• Literature, Shmuel Agnon


• Literature, Nelly Sachs


• Medicine, Charles B. Huggins


• Medicine, Peyton Rous


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Alfred Kastler


• 1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward


• Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov


• Medicine, François Jacob


• Medicine, André Lwoff


• Medicine, Jacques Monod


• Peace, United Nations Children's Fund


• Physics, Richard P. Feynman


• Physics, Julian Schwinger


• Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga


• 1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin


• Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre


• Medicine, Konrad Bloch


• Medicine, Feodor Lynen


• Peace, Martin Luther King Jr.


• Physics, Nicolay G. Basov


• Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov


• Physics, Charles H. Townes


• 1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta


• Chemistry, Karl Ziegler


• Literature, Giorgos Seferis


• Medicine, Sir John Eccles


• Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin


• Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley


• Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross


• Peace, League of Red Cross Societies


• Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer


• Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen


• Physics, Eugene Wigner


• 1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew


• Chemistry, Max F. Perutz


• Literature, John Steinbeck


• Medicine, Francis Crick


• Medicine, James Watson


• Medicine, Maurice Wilkins


• Peace, Linus Pauling


• Physics, Lev Landau


• 1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin


• Literature, Ivo Andric


• Medicine, Georg von Békésy


• Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld


• Physics, Robert Hofstadter


• Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer


• 1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby


• Literature, Saint-John Perse


• Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet


• Medicine, Peter Medawar


• Peace, Albert Lutuli


• Physics, Donald A. Glaser


• 1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky


• Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo


• Medicine, Arthur Kornberg


• Medicine, Severo Ochoa


• Peace, Philip Noel-Baker


• Physics, Owen Chamberlain


• Physics, Emilio Segrè


• 1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger


• Literature, Boris Pasternak


• Medicine, George Beadle


• Medicine, Joshua Lederberg


• Medicine, Edward Tatum


• Peace, Georges Pire


• Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov


• Physics, Il´ja M. Frank


• Physics, Igor Y. Tamm


• 1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd


• Literature, Albert Camus


• Medicine, Daniel Bovet


• Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson


• Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee


• Physics, Chen Ning Yang


• 1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood


• Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov


• Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez


• Medicine, André F. Cournand


• Medicine, Werner Forssmann


• Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, John Bardeen


• Physics, Walter H. Brattain


• Physics, William B. Shockley


• 1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud


• Literature, Halldór Laxness


• Medicine, Hugo Theorell


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Polykarp Kusch


• Physics, Willis E. Lamb


• 1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling


• Literature, Ernest Hemingway


• Medicine, John F. Enders


• Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins


• Medicine, Thomas H. Weller


• Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees


• Physics, Max Born


• Physics, Walther Bothe


• 1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger


• Literature, Winston Churchill


• Medicine, Hans Krebs


• Medicine, Fritz Lipmann


• Peace, George C. Marshall


• Physics, Frits Zernike


• 1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin


• Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge


• Literature, François Mauriac


• Medicine, Selman A. Waksman


• Peace, Albert Schweitzer


• Physics, Felix Bloch


• Physics, E. M. Purcell


• 1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan


• Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg


• Literature, Pär Lagerkvist


• Medicine, Max Theiler


• Peace, Léon Jouhaux


• Physics, John Cockcroft


• Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton


• 1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder


• Chemistry, Otto Diels


• Literature, Bertrand Russell


• Medicine, Philip S. Hench


• Medicine, Edward C. Kendall


• Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein


• Peace, Ralph Bunche


• Physics, Cecil Powell


• 1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque


• Literature, William Faulkner


• Medicine, Walter Hess


• Medicine, Egas Moniz


• Peace, Lord Boyd Orr


• Physics, Hideki Yukawa


• 1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius


• Literature, T.S. Eliot


• Medicine, Paul Müller


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett


• 1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson


• Literature, André Gide


• Medicine, Carl Cori


• Medicine, Gerty Cori


• Medicine, Bernardo Houssay


• Peace, Friends Service Council


• Peace, American Friends Service Committee


• Physics, Edward V. Appleton


• 1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop


• Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley


• Chemistry, James B. Sumner


• Literature, Hermann Hesse


• Medicine, Hermann J. Muller


• Peace, Emily Greene Balch


• Peace, John R. Mott


• Physics, Percy W. Bridgman


• 1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen


• Literature, Gabriela Mistral


• Medicine, Ernst B. Chain


• Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming


• Medicine, Sir Howard Florey


• Peace, Cordell Hull


• Physics, Wolfgang Pauli


• 1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn


• Literature, Johannes V. Jensen


• Medicine, Joseph Erlanger


• Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser


• Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross


• Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi


• 1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy


• Literature, No Prize was Awarded


• Medicine, Henrik Dam


• Medicine, Edward A. Doisy


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Otto Stern


• 1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, No Prize was Awarded


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, No Prize was Awarded


• 1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, No Prize was Awarded


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, No Prize was Awarded


• 1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, No Prize was Awarded


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, No Prize was Awarded


• 1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt


• Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka


• Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää


• Medicine, Gerhard Domagk


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Ernest Lawrence


• 1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn


• Literature, Pearl Buck


• Medicine, Corneille Heymans


• Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees


• Physics, Enrico Fermi


• 1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth


• Chemistry, Paul Karrer


• Literature, Roger Martin du Gard


• Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi


• Peace, Robert Cecil


• Physics, Clinton Davisson


• Physics, George Paget Thomson


• 1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye


• Literature, Eugene O'Neill


• Medicine, Sir Henry Dale


• Medicine, Otto Loewi


• Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas


• Physics, Carl D. Anderson


• Physics, Victor F. Hess


• 1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot


• Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie


• Literature, No Prize was Awarded


• Medicine, Hans Spemann


• Peace, Carl von Ossietzky


• Physics, James Chadwick


• 1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey


• Literature, Luigi Pirandello


• Medicine, George R. Minot


• Medicine, William P. Murphy


• Medicine, George H. Whipple


• Peace, Arthur Henderson


• Physics, No Prize was Awarded


• 1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, Ivan Bunin


• Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan


• Peace, Sir Norman Angell


• Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac


• Physics, Erwin Schrödinger


• 1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir


• Literature, John Galsworthy


• Medicine, Edgar Adrian


• Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Werner Heisenberg


• 1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius


• Chemistry, Carl Bosch


• Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt


• Medicine, Otto Warburg


• Peace, Jane Addams


• Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler


• Physics, No Prize was Awarded


• 1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer


• Literature, Sinclair Lewis


• Medicine, Karl Landsteiner


• Peace, Nathan Söderblom


• Physics, Sir Venkata Raman


• 1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden


• Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin


• Literature, Thomas Mann


• Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman


• Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins


• Peace, Frank B. Kellogg


• Physics, Louis de Broglie


• 1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus


• Literature, Sigrid Undset


• Medicine, Charles Nicolle


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Owen Willans Richardson


• 1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland


• Literature, Henri Bergson


• Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg


• Peace, Ferdinand Buisson


• Peace, Ludwig Quidde


• Physics, Arthur H. Compton


• Physics, C.T.R. Wilson


• 1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg


• Literature, Grazia Deledda


• Medicine, Johannes Fibiger


• Peace, Aristide Briand


• Peace, Gustav Stresemann


• Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin


• 1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy


• Literature, George Bernard Shaw


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain


• Peace, Charles G. Dawes


• Physics, James Franck


• Physics, Gustav Hertz


• 1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont


• Medicine, Willem Einthoven


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Manne Siegbahn


• 1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl


• Literature, William Butler Yeats


• Medicine, Frederick G. Banting


• Medicine, John Macleod


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Robert A. Millikan


• 1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston


• Literature, Jacinto Benavente


• Medicine, Archibald V. Hill


• Medicine, Otto Meyerhof


• Peace, Fridtjof Nansen


• Physics, Niels Bohr


• 1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy


• Literature, Anatole France


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, Hjalmar Branting


• Peace, Christian Lange


• Physics, Albert Einstein


• 1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst


• Literature, Knut Hamsun


• Medicine, August Krogh


• Peace, Léon Bourgeois


• Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume


• 1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, Carl Spitteler


• Medicine, Jules Bordet


• Peace, Woodrow Wilson


• Physics, Johannes Stark


• 1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber


• Literature, No Prize was Awarded


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Max Planck


• 1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, Karl Gjellerup


• Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross


• Physics, Charles Glover Barkla


• 1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded


• Literature, Verner von Heidenstam


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, No Prize was Awarded


• 1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter


• Literature, Romain Rolland


• Medicine, No Prize was Awarded


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, William Bragg


• Physics, Lawrence Bragg


• 1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards


• Literature, No Prize was Awarded


• Medicine, Robert Bárány


• Peace, No Prize was Awarded


• Physics, Max von Laue


• 1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner


• Literature, Rabindranath Tagore


• Medicine, Charles Richet


• Peace, Henri La Fontaine


• Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes


• 1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard


• Chemistry, Paul Sabatier


• Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann


• Medicine, Alexis Carrel


• Peace, Elihu Root


• Physics, Gustaf Dalén


• 1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie


• Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck


• Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand


• Peace, Tobias Asser


• Peace, Alfred Fried


• Physics, Wilhelm Wien


• 1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach


• Literature, Paul Heyse


• Medicine, Albrecht Kossel


• Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau


• Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals


• 1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald


• Literature, Selma Lagerlöf


• Medicine, Theodor Kocher


• Peace, Auguste Beernaert


• Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant


• Physics, Ferdinand Braun


• Physics, Guglielmo Marconi


• 1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford


• Literature, Rudolf Eucken


• Medicine, Paul Ehrlich


• Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov


• Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson


• Peace, Fredrik Bajer


• Physics, Gabriel Lippmann


• 1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner


• Literature, Rudyard Kipling


• Medicine, Alphonse Laveran


• Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta


• Peace, Louis Renault


• Physics, Albert A. Michelson


• 1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan


• Literature, Giosuè Carducci


• Medicine, Camillo Golgi


• Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal


• Peace, Theodore Roosevelt


• Physics, J.J. Thomson


• 1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer


• Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz


• Medicine, Robert Koch


• Peace, Bertha von Suttner


• Physics, Philipp Lenard


• 1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay


• Literature, José Echegaray


• Literature, Frédéric Mistral


• Medicine, Ivan Pavlov


• Peace, Institute of International Law


• Physics, Lord Rayleigh


• 1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius


• Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson


• Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen


• Peace, Randal Cremer


• Physics, Henri Becquerel


• Physics, Pierre Curie


• Physics, Marie Curie


• 1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer


• Literature, Theodor Mommsen


• Medicine, Ronald Ross


• Peace, Élie Ducommun


• Peace, Albert Gobat


• Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz


• Physics, Pieter Zeeman


• 1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff


• Literature, Sully Prudhomme


• Medicine, Emil von Behring


• Peace, Henry Dunant


• Peace, Frédéric Passy


• Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen